I’ve just tried your code in Script Debugger. I got a requester seeking permission to control Finder for which I clicked on OK. Then it ran. Ran a second time with no errors or requesters.
But, do you need to use Finder to get the path to the Notes app ? For example, this works for me:
set myPath to path to application "Notes" as string
set myPath_posix to POSIX path of myPath
That’s using Standard Additions. Although, I still got a requester seeking permission to control Notes.
The -1743 error occurred a lot in macOS 12.3. Have you updated to 12.3.1 or 12.4 ?